Last revision: November 19, 2022.

Table of Contents:

• Rice Lake – Location and Background history
• Hiawatha First Nation
• David Boyle  on the “Serpent Mound” Site 
• Is It Even A Serpent?
• Henry Montgomery’s Excavation – 1909
• The Serpent Mound in Adams Country, Ohio
• Richard Johnson and U of T’s early 1960s Site Study
• Walter Kenyon Still Sees a Serpent
• Key Dates In the Rice Lake/Serpent Mound Story
• Sources on The Serpent Mounds – Boyle, Montgomery, Johnson, Kenyon
• Andrew King’s Serpentine
• Visiting the Serpent Mounds Site in 2022

Related Post: The Peterborough Petroglyphs: Building Over An Ancient Algonkian Ritual Site

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Rice Lake: Location and Background History

The Archaeologist David Boyle comments on Rice Lake in 1897:

Hundreds of acres of its surface are covered with wild rice, and it has thus been always a favourite resort for water-fowl. Fish, too. were formerly abundant, and no doubt deer and other large game were plentiful. As the Indians also used (and still use) the rice, it will be seen that all the conditions of primitive life in the neighbourhood were extremely favourable. Add to this the fact that the lake formed an important link in one of the two great canoe routes between the upper lakes and the St. Lawrence, and more especially between the Huron country and Lake Ontario, and we have another reason for  this having been a desirable Indian resort.

Halfway between Toronto and Kingston, above the north shore of Lake Ontario, sits Rice Lake, a 30-kilometer-long and narrow lake. As the quote above notes,  it was part of a thousands-year-old water highway used by Indigenous Peoples to travel from Georgian Bay to Lake Ontario.

These days Rice Lake is a section of the Trent-Severn Waterway, a 386-kilometre canal whose final lock was completed in 1920.

From 1650 to 1700, one of five nations of the Iroquois Confederacy (thought to be Cayuga) had a village on the north shore of Rice Lake. Before that,  for 500 years, as the map below indicates, the Wendat, another Iroquoian people better known as the Huron, lived on Lake Ontario’s north shore and included Rice Lake as part of their territory.

Further back in time, other Indigenous cultural groups would have been familiar with the Rice Lake area and used it at least on a seasonal basis. Going back 2000 years, those peoples may have included those from the Algonkian (i.e.Anishinaabe) cultural family, which we associate with the Canadian Shield.

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Hiawatha First Nation:

These days, the Hiawatha First Nation can be found on the shores of Rice Lake. The map below indicates their territory – about 2145 acres in all. It is located on the north side of the lake,  across from the Alderville First Nation. The members of this First Nation are Mississauga Ojibwe and belong to the Algonkian/Anishinaabe family.

This recorded testimony (The Story of Paudash) would date their settling in the Rice Lake area around 1700 at the end of the Algonkian/Iroquois World War. The Mississaugas took over land abandoned by the south-shore-of-Lake-Ontario Iroquois, who retreated to their Haudenosaunee heartland.

Given that Hiawatha was a legendary/historical Onondaga chief and an Iroquoian hero, it is puzzling that this Anishinaabe First Nation is named after him. Longfellow’s 1855 poem The Song of Hiawatha is the cause of the confusion; he used the name Hiawatha for his clearly Ojibwe hero, whom he had initially wanted to name Manabozho (his spelling of Nanabush or Nenebuc, the mythic Anishinaabe hero). Mistakenly thinking that the two names were synonymous, Longfellow called him Hiawatha instead! See here for a full explanation. Despite Longfellow’s mistake,  the First Nation perpetuates it by hanging on to the name.

Hiawatha First Nation territory includes an area on the north shore above Roach Point  (some old maps name it Roche’s Point) which is significant as the location of what is said to be the only serpent effigy mound in Canada. In a statement from 1904, the then-chief Robert Paudash said this about the burial mound site –

At Rochis Point there was a Mohawk village in front of the former site of this is a mound in the shape of a serpent, having four smaller mounds about its head and body in the form of turtles. These mounds are a pictorial representation of the Mississaugas in memory of the occurrence, and of the Mohawks. It has been supposed by some to mean more than this, but my father has so stated it. [See here for the source.]

The serpent presumably represented the Iroquois, known by the uncomplimentary name Nadoways (the big snakes) to the Anishinaabe;  the smaller mounds represent the Mississauga and their clan totem. If Chief Paudash is correct, the mounds date around 1700 C.E. and were built by his not-too-distant ancestors to commemorate their recent defeat of the “big snake.” However, the archaeological evidence indicates the mounds are much older, i.e. older by at least 1400 years.

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David Boyle and the Serpent Mound Site:

David Boyle, the first archaeologist to examine the site, drew this conclusion in his 1897 report on the site:

While their ancestors were not the builders of the burial mounds, the current members of the Hiawatha First Nation have become caretakers of the site.

The Canadian Encyclopedia summarizes the site’s significance this way –

Serpent Mounds, situated on a bluff overlooking Rice Lake near Peterborough, Ont, is the only known effigy mound in Canada. It is a sinuous earthen structure composed of six separate burial locations and measuring about 60 m long, 8 m wide and 1.5-1.8 m high. Excavation indicated that the mounds forming the effigy were gradually built up between 50 BCE and 300 CE. This would suggest that Serpent Mounds was a sacred place, visited periodically for religious ceremonies. Although pieces of grave furniture were not plentiful, their distribution shows they were restricted largely to individuals of higher status within the community. Those individuals were buried either at the base of the mounds or in shallow, submound pits. The commoners were randomly scattered throughout the mounds’ fill. See here for the entry, written by Walter Kenyon.

While the site is referred to as Serpent Mounds, only one mound is supposedly in the shape of a serpent (Mound E on the David Boyle sketch of the site). The other eight mounds are oval or circular and smaller than Mound E.  All nine were burial mounds, as indicated by the skeletal remains uncovered by various archaeological teams.

Here is Boyle’s account of his realization that what he was examining was a serpent mound:

Is It Even A Serpent?

David Boyle came up with the notion that he was looking at an effigy mound depicting a serpent and an egg. His drawing shows a somewhat serpentine figure with the “egg” just to the left of the mouth of the snake. Frederick Ward Putman (see below) claimed to have found a “serpent with egg” effigy in Ohio a few years before, and Boyle would have been aware of it. It probably influenced how Boyle interpreted what he saw at this burial mound site above Rice Lake. In turn, his serpent/egg interpretation has also determined what most people ever since are conditioned to see when they visit the Rice Lake site or read articles about it. To paraphrase St. Augustine – “Believing is seeing”!

Note: Boyle’s sketch is deceiving. The “serpent’s” head points in a northeasterly direction, not west, as in the illustration above. Here is another sketch of the site and some of the other mounds showing their correct orientation:

While the sketch above presents the correct orientation, it copies the exaggerated zigzag shape of Boyle’s serpent with the overly narrow profile and the extended tail.

Henry Montgomery’s 1909 Excavation

In 1909 Henry Montgomery (see here for a brief bio) and a team of diggers did some archaeological work on the “serpent mound.”. The following year his report, Recent Archaeological Investigations in Ontario, appeared in the journal Transactions of the Canadian Institute  (Vol. IX, Part 1, June ). In it,  he expressed doubt about Boyle’s serpent interpretation and offers a plausible alternative explanation:

This is the earthwork to which the name “serpent” was given by Mr. Boyle. That it was intended by its builders to represent a serpent in shape is somewhat doubtful, there being little evidence in support of the view. There are but two convolutions in it ; whereas there are seven convolutions in the Adams County serpent mound of Ohio which latter is also more uniform and natural in form. It is possible that this Peterboro County mound may be an aggregation of ordinary burial mounds erected in this way at different times for convenience’ sake.

A page later, he does seem to equivocate when he writes this –

Although irregular, and in length relatively short, its shape is such that it might be regarded as the beginning of an unfinished serpent.

Among the measurements he provides is of a 40-foot stretch of the mound, which he states is 37 feet wide, about one-fifth of the length. These are not the proportions that come to mind with a serpent!

To appreciate a truly serpentine effigy mound, we turn to Adams Country.

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The Serpent Mound in Adams County, Ohio

The first report of the Ohio site was made in 1848. Almost forty years later, between 1886 and 1890, Frederic Ward Putnam conducted extensive archaeological work on the serpent mound site, whose purchase he had arranged in 1885 for the Peabody Museum.

The Ohio serpent mound stretches 411 meters (1348′) from its coiled tail to its open jaws, which hold an oval shape, interpreted by Putman as an egg, though it could be something else entirely.

[Putman] decided that the mound represented a serpent with an egg in its jaws. He believed it demonstrated a connection between Serpent Mound and various Old World cultures. Other archaeologists have documented parts of the mound that Putnam ignored, such as a wishbone-shaped earthwork that wrapped around the far side of the so-called egg. Evidently, Putnam felt this earthwork made no sense if the mound actually represented a serpent and an egg, so he didn’t restore it.  [See here for the source of the quote in a  news article by the archaeologist Brad Lepper.]

Since its discovery, various people have co-opted the Ohio mound for their own purposes; these two [See here – and here!] are just a couple of the many head-shaking examples that come up when you turn to YouTube! Given the association of the mound with the Ancient Fort culture, which constructed it around 1000 years ago, approaching the mound’s meaning through the worldview and beliefs of the actual builders would be the way to go.

A site map from 1885 by John P. Maclean included parts of the structure ignored by Putman. Maclean interpreted the wishbone/oval construction above the enclosed circle with a center dot as a frog with extended legs.

A  2018 Columbus Dispatch article by the Ohio archaeologist Brad Lepper, “Archaeology: Serpent Mound might depict a creation story,”  is the source of the above quote. Lepper presents a very brief summary of his and his colleagues’ work on the structure’s meaning and purpose. For them, the “iconic monument represents that key moment in Dhegihan [Siouian] and possibly other tribes’ creation stories.” The article concludes with this –

Whether it was built by Siouan people who later migrated westward, or other groups who shared a once-more-widespread genesis story, remains to be worked out. But it’s clear that the story told by Serpent Mound is an American Indian story — not some Old World story about a serpent and an egg.

Brad Lepper’s 2020 paper in the Journal of Ohio –The Mississippian  Iconography Of Serpent Mound – thoroughly examines the evidence.

The Ohio mound is from 30 (1′) to 100 cm. (3.3′ high and 6 to 6.5 meters (20 to 25′) wide. Unlike the Rice Lake site, it was not a burial mound and served some other ritual purpose. The Rice Lake serpent is just as wide (an average of 6.5 meters) yet is 1/7th as long. The proportions are quite different; what we have at Rice Lake would be a short and very wide serpent!

Comparing the two mounds makes it fair to question Boyle’s interpretation. While one clearly and undeniably looks like a serpent, the Rice Lake mound could be a tadpole! And while the Ohio one definitely has an oval shape which Putman willed to be an Egg within what he interpreted as its jaw, it is a stretch to see the Rice Lake mound as another rendition of a Serpent with Egg – and one that Boyle imagines is “much more natural”!

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Richard Johnson – ROM/U of T  1955-1960

The most thorough examination of the Serpent Mounds site was done from 1955 to 1960 by a Royal Ontario Museum/University of Toronto team led by Richard Johnson. His report became his Ph.D. thesis a year later. The shortened version was published by U of Toronto Press as a ROM book in 1968. It is the essential source of information on the mounds.

The following sketch from the book provides a detailed view of the site and its various mounds. In their fieldwork, the ROM/U of T team noted two mounds (G and H) not recorded by previous visitors.

Look at the shape of the  Mound E in the late 1950s/early 60s sketch, and without having been told that the shape you are looking at is a snake, you would not likely have offered that up as an answer.

Noteworthy is that on the first page of Johnson’s study of the site, he twice states that it is not a given that Burial Mound E is a serpent and that “the name of the mound and site is regarded as entirely speculative.” However, the name “Serpent Mound” was so ingrained by the mid-1960s that Johnson felt he had to stick with it despite his severe reservations about its validity!

Here is the first page of the Johnson study of the site – the entire book can be accessed via the link below.

The ROM team conducted carbon dating at various points along the length of the burial mound. The dates ranged from 128 to 300 A.D. and, as Johnson wrote, “favour the assumption that construction continued intermittently over several years.” This is hardly a situation you would expect of a 194-foot-long effigy mound that could be created in a summer or two if that was the actual intent.

Walter Kenyon Still Sees a Serpent!

Walter Kenyon’s excellent summary, Mounds of Sacred Earth: Burial Mounds of Ontario, was published by the Royal Ontario Museum in 1986. In it, Kenyon provides a history of the sites and the archaeological work that uncovered them. Over half the report is spent on the burial mounds of southern Ontario; Rice Lake and its outlet, the Trent River, is where most of them are found, including the ones at Roach Point.

The brief booklet might be the best introduction to the specifics of the burial mounds on the north shore of Lake Ontario. [The second half of the report deals with the Rainy River area mounds.]  Two decades after Johnson and his reluctance to call Mound E  a serpent – without even bringing in Mound F as the Egg! – Kenyon begins with this –

Kenyon unexpectedly begins by reinforcing Boyle’s interpretation of the burial mound as a serpent effigy! The site sketch he chose to use in his book is Boyle’s, with its exaggerated serpentine look and a slimmed-down width. The work of his ROM colleagues seems to have escaped his view.

He had started work at the ROM in 1956, just as Museum began its fieldwork on the Rice Lake Site at Roach Point. You’d think that over thirty years, the specific nature of the largest Rice Lake mound would have come up in the staff lunchroom in the ROM basement during winters spent examining artifacts from the various mounds and middens!

More recently, J.V. Wright, in his comprehensive A History Of The Native People of Canada [Volume II (1,000 BC – AD. 500)], summed up what I assume is the consensus view this way –

The Serpent Mounds site (Boyle 1897; Johnson 1968) consists of nine earth burial mounds, the most striking of which is the so-called Serpent Mound. The Serpent Mound appears to be more of a crooked linear mound that actually being intended to represent the form of a serpent….the mound represents a series of construction events that took place between AD 200 and 250. (Wright 675)

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Key Dates in the Serpent Mound/Rice Lake Story:

B.C.E. (Before the Common Era)/C.E. (Common Era) …replacing B.C./A.D.

 300 B.C.E. -700 C.E.  Point Penisula culture (a version of Hopewell Culture) was dominant in the eastern Lake Ontario area’ period labelled Middle Woodland in the archaeological literature.

circa 300 B.C.E.  the Ohio Serpent Mound was constructed by an Adena culture (according to some of the evidence)

 50 B.C.E. -300 C.E.  approximate timespan when the Serpent Mound and other burial mounds were built and enlarged during nearby seasonal (spring/summer) occupation by a hunting/gathering culture.

900 C.E.-1400 C.E.  the estimated period when the nearby Stony Lake petroglyphs were created by  an Algonkian (i.e. Anishinaabe) people

1000 – 1550   Iroquoian Wendat settlement of the area

circa 1100 – an Ancient Fort cultural group constructs the Ohio Serpent Mound (given some of the radiometric evidence)

1647-1649   Iroquois completely destroy Wendat (i.e.Huron) communities north of Lake Ontario; Huronia is no more (see here)

1650-1700  Iroquoian Cayuga villages in Rice Lake/Otonobee River area after the defeat of the Wendat in 1649.

1700  (circa) Mississaugas took over the lands on the north shore of Lake Ontario after their decisive victory in a drawn-out all-out war against the Iroquois, who retreated south to their Haudenosaunee homeland.

1818   Treaty 20. The Rice Lake Treaty was signed at Port Hope by six Mississauga chiefs on behalf of 240 Mississaugas. See here for a map of lands surrendered for £740 annually

1820    land set aside on the north shore of Rice Lake as an Indian reserve

1848   the Adams Country, Ohio Serpent Mound site first reported

1855  the publication of Longfellow’s “Song of Hiawatha.”

1886-1890  Frederic Ward Putnam conducts extensive archaeological work on the Ohio Serpent Mound site, whose purchase for the Peabody Museum he had arranged in 1885.

1896    David Boyle, considered Canada’s pre-eminent archaeologist at the time, visited the Rice Lake site and conducted the first “professional” examination of the site

1897 Boyle’s report on the Serpent Mounds was published by the Ontario Government’s Ministry of Education

1904    Robert Paudash, chief of the Mississaugas in the Rice Lake area, attributes the building of the mounds to his ancestors after their defeat of the Mohawk in the great Anishinaabe-Iroquois War. He described the collection of mounds in terms of a snake and turtles.

1910    Henry Montgomery’s Recent Archaeological Investigations in Ontario, a report on his previous summer’s excavation of the Serpent Mounds, appeared in the Transactions of the Canadian Institute  Vol. IX, Part 1, June

1923   Williams Treaties were signed by the governments of Canada and Ontario and by seven First Nations of the Chippewa of Lake Simcoe. They included the following: Beausoleil, Georgina Island and Rama, and the Mississauga of the north shore of Lake Ontario (Alderville, Curve Lake, Hiawatha, and Scugog Island).

1954  84 Mississaugas registered on the north shore of Rice Lake Reserve

1957  Serpent Mounts Provincial Park opens with the Ontario Government leasing the land from the Rice Lake Mississaugas.

1955-60   Royal Ontario Museum/University of Toronto conduct a five-year archaeological examination of the Serpent Mounds under the direction of Richard B. Johnson.

1968  Royal Ontario Museum published Johnson’s The Archaeology of the Serpent Mounds Site, an edited version of his 1961 Ph.D. thesis.

1982   The serpent mounds were designated a National Historic Site along with other nearby mounds, including the Alderville Site, Island Centre Site, East Sugar Island Site, and the Corral Site

1985   Serpent Mounds Provincial Park Management Plan released by the Ontario Government’s Ministry of Natural Resources.

1986   Mounds of Sacred Earth: Burial Mounds of Ontario published by the Royal Ontario Museum. Its author, Walter Kenyon, died that same year.

1987   The Mississauga Ojibwe lands on Rice Lake became officially known as Hiawatha First Nation

1995    Hiawatha First Nation takes over the management of Serpent Mounds Park

2009   Hiawatha First Nation closes the park due to a lack of visitors and decaying tourist infrastructure

2011    Census count – Hiawatha First Nation population of 362, down from 483 in 2006

2012   Land claims settlement for lost Rice Lake Islands due to 1920 Trent-Severn Waterway flooding ….Hiawatha First Nation, Curve Lake First Nation, and Mississaugas of Scugog Island First Nation split the $71 million.

 2018 Williams Treaties revisited and revised –  First Nations and the Governments of Ontario and Canada reached a final agreement, settling litigation about land surrenders and harvesting rights. The Seven affected First Nations receive $1.1 billion. Hiawatha First Nation’s share was $154 million (see here)

2021   Serpent Mounds site remains closed to visitors.

Hiawatha First Nation population – 235

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Some Sources on the “Serpent Mounds”:

The first trained archaeologist to examine the site and make public his findings was David Boyle in his 1897 report of the previous summer’s visit. Boyle was at the time perhaps Canada’s top archaeologist and had spent years focussing on the Indigenous cultures of Ontario. From 1896 to his death in 1911, he was also the director of the Ontario Provincial Museum, which morphed into the Royal Ontario Museum the following year.

David Boyle. Annual Archaeological Report 1896-1897 submitted to Minister of Education Ontario.

Click on the cover image or the title above to access the full report. [It is a 22 Mb pdf file.] The Serpent Mounds section can be found on pages 19 to 26. See here for the entire Ontario Government Report from which I extracted the Boyle archaeological report.

Before a visit to the Diamond Lake pictograph site in Temagami,  I read Boyle’s brief comments in a 1906 report on the site by W. Phillips, a “temporary assistant” working for Boyle and the Museum. (See here for Phillips’s report and Boyle’s comments.)

Boyle’s analysis proved to be mostly off-the-mark and showed little understanding of the purpose of pictographs in the culture of the Anishinaabe. Instead, he proposed an interpretation at variance with the facts.   For a more in-depth consideration, see the following post –

A Return Visit To Diamond Lake’s Pictograph Site

Boyle was one of the first to grapple with the pictograph tradition and should probably be cut some slack!

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Henry Montgomery’s report on his work on the Serpent Mound Recent Archaeological Investigations in Ontario in  Transactions of the Canadian Institute  Vol. IX, Part 1, June 1910 [Click on the title or the cover image to access the 3.1 Mb pdf file.]

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Richard B. Johnson/Royal Ontario Museum.The Archaeology of the Serpent Mounds Site. 1968. (Click on the title to access the text.)

The Internet Archive site has a copy of the thorough and detailed examination of the Serpent Mounds sites conducted over five years in the late 1950s by a Royal Ontario Museum/University of Toronto team led by Richard Johnson. In 2012 the ROM funded the inclusion of the digital version of the text in the Archives. The 150-page book includes at least 100 photos of stone, bone, and metal artifacts dug up and the skeletal remains of some sixty humans interred at what was essentially a burial site. Such an excavation would likely not happen in these more sensitive times.

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 Serpent Mounds Provincial Park Management Plan. a document released by the Ontario Government’s Ministry of Natural Resources in 1985. Click on the title to access the report. It provides background to the site’s history and includes some useful sketches.

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Walter Kenyon. Mounds of Sacred Earth: Burial Mounds of Ontario. [Click on the book cover to access a pdf copy of the book.]

Kenyon summarizes the archaeological work done by Boyle (1896), Montgomery (1909), and the Johnson team (1955-1960). The 8 Mb pdf file of the book can also be downloaded here.

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J.V. Wright. A History of the Native People of Canada.

• Volume I (10,000 – 1000 B.C.)
• Volume II (1,000 B.C. – A.D. 500)
• Volume III (A.D.500 – European Contact)

A three-volume set that sifts through and synthesizes the massive amount of details from the archaeological record to reveal the history and the various cultures of Canada’s Indigenous Peoples before European contact. While it is comprehensive in its approach,  Wright clearly has the non-archaeologist in mind and clearly explains critical terms and concepts. While not light reading, it shows how archaeologists have contributed to a better understanding of Canada’s Native PeopAfterfter he retired from The Natural Museum of Canada in 19Wright took on the writing 91, after thirty years of archaeological fieldwork and research for the institution. In his summary of 12,000 years of archaeological evidence in his bid to tell the story of Canada’s Indigenous Peoples, he wrote –

Volume II’s chapter 23 (pp. 607-702) Late Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Culture provides the necessary background and context for the site at Rice Lake.

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Serpentine. Andrew King.

Andrew King provides some speculative alt-history à la History Channel for those who like some fantasy with their dates and facts. See here for what seems to be a digital copy of the above book. His WordPress site can be accessed here. It is also where I found the coloured site image I used above.

In the first few pages, I read this –

…right here in Ontario, just a few hundreds kilometres west of Ottawa, there is another massive ancient serpent structure, but it remains closed off to the public. It is the only one of its kind in Canada but has been studied without current technical advances in archaeological resources. 

This large snake effigy on Rice Lake, south of the village of Keene in Peterborough County, was constructed thousands of years ago, yet its greater purpose remains unknown. (bold face is mine)

The brief passage raises several obvious objections –  

• “Massive ancient serpent” is certainly hyperbole for a 60 m x 6 m mostly linear earth structure.
• To state that “it remains closed off to the public” without explaining that it was the Hiawatha First Nation’s decision suggests an attempt to keep us – the public –  from finding out some more profound truth about the mounds.
• More hyperbole in the statement that the archaeological work that has been done on it is somehow very dated. It also does not mention that further excavation work has been forbidden, thus limiting any possible future analysis to non-invasive techniques acceptable to the Hiawatha community.
•  “Thousands of years ago” puts an unnecessarily distant past spin on what archaeologists agree is an Adena/Hopewell culture like the Point Peninsula culture of 1800 years ago in the eastern Lake Ontario region.
• As for its greater purpose remaining unknown, is its importance as a site where one of the four essential lifecycle rituals was conducted not enough? [The others being birth, puberty, and marriage…]  

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Visiting The Serpent Mound in 2022?

For a look at what the Serpent Mounds site looks like these days, this Youtube video from 2018  (the only clip I found about the site) will give you an idea. The commentary is from two guys showing a fuzzy understanding of the site’s significance. Their choice of title for the video says it all! A trailer park!

As I watched it,  I thought – How could Ontario Parks have supposed it was okay to set up a campground and children’s play area on a burial ground? Still unclear to me is if this was the idea of the leadership at Hiawatha First Nation or of the  Ontario Parks people.

The Historic Site was taken over by the Hiawatha First Nation in 1995. By 2009 it was decided to close the park to visitors. It has remained closed ever since. Perhaps private visits can be arranged via a visit to or communication with the nearby First Nation. The author of Serpentine got permission to visit the site while researching material for his book.

Trip Advisor Forums and Comments: 

Doing a search for “Serpent Mounds” and “Serpent Mounds Park” in the Tripadvisor Forum’s Ontario section turned up nothing… not one question or recommendation or comment. Given the site has been closed for 12 years, it seems to have slipped out of any discussion of southern Ontario Indigenous historic sites.

Tripadvisor has a few comments about Serpent Mounds Park,  most sad because of the closing and the deteriorating condition of the site.